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　　2、产生新意的名词

　　(1)用逻辑推理法

　　例：In general,the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.

　　一般地说，当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效;而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。

　　(2)紧扣文章的主题

　　例：There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.

　　所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。

　　(3)语言环境

　　例：But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.

　　但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。

　　(4)熟悉习惯表达法

　　例：Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect,extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.

　　这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。